43 results
49156 Effects of Race and Demographics on Use of Physical Restraints in the Emergency Department
- Ambrose H. Wong, Travis Whitfill, Emmanuel C. Ohuabunwa, Jessica M. Ray, James D. Dziura, Steven L. Bernstein, Richard Andrew Taylor
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 5 / Issue s1 / March 2021
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 30 March 2021, pp. 121-122
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ABSTRACT IMPACT: Within three EDs in a regional health system in Connecticut, African American race, male gender, non-Hispanic ethnicity, lack of private insurance, and homelessness were associated with significant odds of being physically restrained during a visit. OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Agitated patient encounters in the Emergency Department (ED) are on the rise, and physical restraints are used to protect staff and prevent self-harm. However, these are associated with safety risks and potential stigmatization of vulnerable individuals. We aim to determine factors that are associated with odds of being restrained in the ED. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a retrospective cohort analysis of all patients (≥18 yo) placed in restraints during an ED visit to three hospitals within a large tertiary health system from Jan 2013-Aug 2018. We undertook descriptive analysis of the data and created a generalized linear mixed model with a binary logistic identity link to model restraint use and determine odds ratios for various clinically significant demographic factors. These include gender, race, ethnicity, insurance status, alcohol use, illicit drug use, and homelessness. Our model accounted for patients nested across the three EDs and also accounted for multiple patient visits. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: In 726,417 total ED visits, 7,090 (1%) had associated restraint orders. Restrained patients had an average age of 45, with 64% male, 54% Caucasian and 29% African American. 17% had private insurance, 36% endorsed illicit substances, 51.4% endorsed alcohol use and 2.3% were homeless. African Americans had statistically significant odds of being restrained compared to Caucasians with adjusted odds ratio (AOR) of 1.14 (1.08,1.21). Females (AOR 0.75 [0.71, 0.79] had lower odds of being restrained compared to males while patients with Medicaid (AOR 1.57 [1.46, 1.68]) and Medicare (AOR 1.70 [1.57, 1.85]) had increased odds compared to the privately insured. Illicit substance use (AOR 1.55 [1.46, 1.64]), alcohol use (AOR 1.13 [1.07, 1.20] and homelessness (AOR 1.35 [1.14, 1.16]) had increased odds of restraint use. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF FINDINGS: We showed statistically significant effects of patient demographics on odds of restraint use in the ED. The increased odds based on race, insurance status, and substance use highlight the potential effects of implicit bias on the decision to physically restrain patients and underscores the importance of objective assessments of these patients.
4123 Characterization of Physical Restraint and Sedative Use for Treatment of Agitation in the Emergency Department
- Ambrose H Wong, Lauren Crispino, John Parker, Caitlin McVaney, Alana Rosenberg, Jessica Ray, Travis Whitfill, Joanne Iennaco, Steven Bernstein
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 4 / Issue s1 / June 2020
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 29 July 2020, p. 125
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OBJECTIVES/GOALS: Agitation has high prevalence in the emergency department (ED), but limited evidence exists regarding clinical decisions to use sedatives and physical restraint. We examined clinical factors and agitation attributes impacting thresholds for sedative and restraint use in the emergency setting. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We conducted a prospective cohort study of adult patients (318 yo) with acute or escalating agitation during their ED visit at an urban tertiary care referral center. Consecutive patients requiring security presence or scoring >1 on an agitation scale were enrolled during randomized 8-h blocks. We recorded patient characteristics, staff/team factors, and environmental/systems data as well as scores on 3 validated agitation scales: Agitated Behavior Scale, Overt Aggression Scale, and Severity Scale. We performed descriptive analyses, bivariable analyses, and logistic regression modeling of factors with relation to sedative/restraint use. We observed 95 agitation events on unique patients over 2 months. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: Median age was 42, and 62.1% were male. Most frequent chief complaints were alcohol/drug use (37.9%) and psychiatric (23.2%). Majority of events (73.7%) were associated with sedative/restraint use. Factors related to treatment course or staff interactions were the primary reasons for agitation in 56.8% of events. A logistic regression model found no association between demographics and odds of sedative/restraint use. Overt Aggression Scale scores were associated with significantly higher odds of sedative use (AOR 1.62 [1.13–2.32]), while Severity Scale scores had significantly higher odds of restraint use (AOR 1.39 [1.12–1.73]) but significantly lower odds of sedative use (AOR 0.79 [0.64–0.98]). DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: External factors may be important targets for behavioral techniques in ED agitation management. Further study of the Severity Scale may allow for earlier detection of agitation and identify causal links between agitation severity and use of sedatives and restraints.
Reduction of Thalamic Neurons which Project to Cingulate Gyrus in Schizophrenia - A Quantitative Postmortem Study
- P. Danos, H.-G. Bernstein, B. Baumann, G. Northoff, S. Diekmann, R. Stauch, B. Bogerts
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- Journal:
- European Psychiatry / Volume 12 / Issue S2 / 1997
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 16 April 2020, p. 172s
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P.101 Conservative management of meningiomas with a moderate to high peritumoral brain edema index: a single-institution report
- H Yan, B Karmur, D Jeong, M Bernstein
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 46 / Issue s1 / June 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 05 June 2019, p. S40
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Background: Meningiomas are the most commonly occurring benign intracranial tumors. When presenting with peritumoral brain edema (PTBE), surgical treatment can lead to patient morbidity. This retrospective case series aims to describe the conservative medical management of moderate to large meningiomas with large PTBE. Methods: Patients with suspected meningiomas greater than 2.0cm and edema index greater than 2.0 were identified by screening 3345 MRI scans between 2012-2017. Imaging analysis included MR imaging features of suspected meningiomas and clinical data was gathered from the electronic patient record (patient age, sex, patient symptoms, follow-up duration, and follow-up symptoms). Results: We report on 31 patients who received conservative medical management. Presenting complaints included headache, seizure, weakness; many presented asymptomatically. The average follow-up time was 3.96 years. At the final follow-up appointment, 19 (61%) patients were asymptomatic. Among symptomatic patients, seizures were the most common complaint. There was no mortality reported in our cohort and the average tumor progression was 7.04cm3/year. Conclusions: In this retrospective report of meningioma patients with high edema index, we found that most patients remained asymptomatic or had stable symptoms after at least 1-yr follow up after medical treatment. This study provides insight around the surgical decision-making for meningiomas with large spread of edema.
Food-based dietary guidelines of Arabic-speaking countries: a culturally congruent profile
- Laura Coats, Joshua Bernstein, Elizabeth Dodge, Lori Bechard, Basil H Aboul-Enein
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- Journal:
- Public Health Nutrition / Volume 22 / Issue 6 / April 2019
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 February 2019, pp. 1129-1137
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Objective
Dietary guidelines for food groups, types and portion sizes are common practice at the national level. As the relationship between nutrition and disease and the influence of cultural identity on individual behaviour become clearer, dietary guidelines necessarily evolve. Today, the Arabic-speaking region is experiencing a dual burden of undernutrition and increasing rates of overweight and obesity. Cultural congruency among dietary guidelines in the Arabic-speaking region and how they affect health education, health promotion, and nutrition programme planning or individual dietary behaviours have yet to be examined. The present work provides dietitians and public health professionals a narrative review of proposed food guidelines for the Arabic-speaking region.
DesignThe current review examined five established dietary guidelines within the Arabic-speaking region, namely the Arab Food Dome (Arab Gulf states), the Healthy Food Palm (Saudi Arabia), the Lebanese Dietary Guidelines, the Omani Guide to Healthy Eating and the Qatar Dietary Guidelines, and compared findings with the regional Eastern Mediterranean guidelines developed by the WHO. Individual guideline recommendations are tabled for comparative review.
SettingThe Arabic-speaking region.
ParticipantsRespective Arabic-speaking populations.
ResultsHealth educators, community health practitioners and nutrition professionals can benefit from the cultural contexts associated with dietary guidelines in this region.
ConclusionsCommunity-level policy and individual behaviour change will benefit from cultural sensitivity; health communication and behaviour change programming require cultural competence provided in the present review; and programme evaluation efforts (prior to and after implementation) should include a detailed understanding of how culture shapes regional policy and individual nutrition behaviours.
2229 A community-academic translational research and learning collaborative to evaluate the associations among biological, social, and nutritional status for adolescent women and their babies using electronic health records (EHR) data
- Jonathan Tobin, Amanda Cheng, Caroline S. Jiang, Mireille McLean, Peter R. Holt, Dena Moftah, Rhonda G. Kost, Kimberly S. Vasquez, Daryl L. Wieland, Peter S. Bernstein, Siobhan Dolan, Mayer Sagy, Abbe Kirsch, Michael Zinaman, Elizabeth DuBois, Barry Kohn, William Pagano, Gilles Bergeron, Megan Bourassa, Stephanie Morgan, Judd Anderman, Shwu H. Kwek, Julie Wilcox, Jan L. Breslow
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- Journal:
- Journal of Clinical and Translational Science / Volume 2 / Issue S1 / June 2018
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 21 November 2018, pp. 77-78
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OBJECTIVES/SPECIFIC AIMS: To build a multisite de-identified database of female adolescents, aged 12–21 years (January 2011–December 2012), and their subsequent offspring through 24 months of age from electronic health records (EHRs) provided by participating Community Health. METHODS/STUDY POPULATION: We created a community-academic partnership that included New York City Community Health Centers (n=4) and Hospitals (n=4), The Rockefeller University, The Sackler Institute for Nutrition Science and Clinical Directors Network (CDN). We used the Community-Engaged Research Navigation model to establish a multisite de-identified database extracted from EHRs of female adolescents aged 12–21 years (January 2011–December 2012) and their offspring through 24 months of age. These patients received their primary care between 2011 and 2015. Clinical data were used to explore possible associations among specific measures. We focused on the preconception, prenatal, postnatal periods, including pediatric visits up to 24 months of age. RESULTS/ANTICIPATED RESULTS: The analysis included all female adolescents (n=122,556) and a subset of pregnant adolescents with offspring data available (n=2917). Patients were mostly from the Bronx; 43% of all adolescent females were overweight (22%) or obese (21%) and showed higher systolic and diastolic blood pressure, blood glucose levels, hemoglobin A1c, total cholesterol, and triglycerides levels compared with normal-weight adolescent females (p<0.05). This analysis was also performed looking at the nonpregnant females and the pregnant females separately. Overall, the pregnant females were older (mean age=18.3) compared with the nonpregnant females (mean age=16.5), there was a higher percentage of Hispanics among the pregnant females (58%) compared with the nonpregnant females (43.9%). There was a statistically significant association between the BMI status of mothers and infants’ birth weight, with underweight/normal-weight mothers having more low birth weight (LBW) babies and overweight/obese mothers having more large babies. The odds of having a LBW baby was 0.61 (95% CI: 0.41, 0.89) lower in obese compared with normal-weight adolescent mothers. The risk of having a preterm birth before 37 weeks was found to be neutral in obese compared with normal-weight adolescent mothers (OR=0.81, 95% CI: 0.53, 1.25). Preliminary associations are similar to those reported in the published literature. DISCUSSION/SIGNIFICANCE OF IMPACT: This EHR database uses available measures from routine clinical care as a “rapid assay” to explore potential associations, and may be more useful to detect the presence and direction of associations than the magnitude of effects. This partnership has engaged community clinicians, laboratory, and clinical investigators, and funders in study design and analysis, as demonstrated by the collaborative development and testing of hypotheses relevant to service delivery. Furthermore, this research and learning collaborative is examining strategies to enhance clinical workflow and data quality as well as underlying biological mechanisms. The feasibility of scaling-up these methods facilitates studying similar populations in different Health Systems, advancing point-of-care studies of natural history and comparative effectiveness research to identify service gaps, evaluate effective interventions, and enhance clinical and data quality improvement.
PS1 - 160 A Telephone Based Cognitive Assessment Tool for Brain Metastases Patients
- M.N. Tsao, K. Edelstein, L.J. Bernstein, J. Wong, N. Laperriere, J.R. Perry, A. Sahgal, C. Menard, H. Soliman, E. Chow, T. Barnes, C. Danjoux, B.A. Millar, R. Wong, W. Wells, R.S. McIntyre, W. Mason, C. Chung
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 43 / Issue S4 / October 2016
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 October 2016, p. S9
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Improving neurocognitive outcomes following treatment for brain metastases have become increasingly important. We propose that a brief telephone-based neurocognitive assessment may improve follow-up cognitive assessments in this palliative population. Aim: To prospectively assess the feasibility and reliability of a telephone based brief neurocognitive assessment compared to the same tests delivered face-to-face. Methods: Brain metastases patients to be treated with whole brain radiotherapy (WBRT) were assessed using a brief validated neurocognitive battery at baseline, at 1 month and 3 months following WBRT (in person and over the phone). The primary outcome was feasibility and inter-procedural (in person versus telephone) reliability. The secondary objective was to evaluate the change in neurocognitive function before and after WBRT. Results: Out of 39 patients enrolled, 82% of patients completed the baseline in-person and telephone neurocognitive assessments. However, at 1 month, only 41% of enrolled patients completed the in-person and telephone cognitive assessments and at 3 months, only 10% of patients completed them. Results pertaining to reliability and change in neurocognitive function will be updated. Conclusion: The pre-defined definition of feasibility (at least 80% completion for face to face and telephone neurocognitive assessments) was met at baseline. However, a large proportion of participants did not complete either telephone or in person neurocognitive follow-up at 1 month and at 3 months post-WBRT. Attrition remained a challenge for neurocognitive testing in this population even when a telephone-based brief assessment was used.
4 - “The Edge of Unacceptability”: Preston Sturges and the PCA
- from Part 1 - Contexts: Genre, Studio, Authorship
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- By Matthew H. Bernstein, Emory University
- Edited by Jeff Jaeckle, Sarah Kozloff
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- Book:
- ReFocus: The Films of Preston Sturges
- Published by:
- Edinburgh University Press
- Published online:
- 05 September 2016
- Print publication:
- 08 October 2015, pp 83-106
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Summary
Particular Applications …
II. Sex
The sanctity of the institution of marriage and the home shall be upheld. Pictures shall not infer that low forms of sex relationship are the accepted or common thing …
2. Scenes of Passion
a. They should not be introduced when not essential to the plot.
b. Excessive and lustful kissing, lustful embraces, suggestive postures and gestures, are not to be shown …
3. Seduction or Rape
a. They should never be more than suggested, and only when essential for the plot, and even then never shown by explicit method.
b. They are never the proper subject for comedy.
—Motion Picture Production Code (1930)How did Preston Sturges's major romantic comedies earn seals from the vigilant Joseph I. Breen and the Production Code Administration (PCA)? The films are full of “suggestive postures;” their central topic is often seduction, which is frequently “more than suggested” through staging and dialogue; hints of extramarital sex abound; and the films ridicule “the sanctity of the institution of marriage” into the ground. To quote Elliot Rubenstein, “If Sturges's scenarios don't quite invade the province of the flatly censorable, they surely assault the border outposts, and some of the lines escalate the assault into bombardment.”
Sturges's heroines drive these assaults on the censorable. They embody Kathleen Rowe's unruly women who “[create] disorder by dominating, or trying to dominate, men,” and by being “unable or unwilling” to stay in a women's traditional place. In The Lady Eve (1941), the con artist/cardsharp Jean (Barbara Stanwyck)—having been rejected at the height of an unexpected, exhilarating romance on the high seas—achieves revenge by persuading ale heir Charles “Hopsie” Pike (Henry Fonda) to marry her in disguise and then teaching him a lesson in forgiveness and humility. In The Palm Beach Story (1942), the practical and hardheaded Gerry Jeffers (Claudette Colbert) abandons her poor, hapless inventor husband Tom (Joel McCrea) to pursue marriage with a rich millionaire (Rudy Vallee) who can finance Tom's ridiculous ideas. Trudy Kockenlocker (Betty Hutton) in The Miracle of Morgan's Creek (1944) gets married and pregnant during an all-night goodbye party for departing soldiers; unable to recall what transpired, and even her husband's name, Trudy desperately needs the infatuated Norval Jones (Eddie Bracken) to stand in as her husband and future father of her child(ren).
Interstitial Irradiation of Skull Base Tumours
- Mark Bernstein, Philip H. Gutin
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- Journal:
- Canadian Journal of Neurological Sciences / Volume 12 / Issue S4 / November 1985
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 September 2015, pp. 366-370
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The rationale for interstitial irradiation of tumours in and around the skull base is reviewed, and the experience accumulated with pituitary adenomas, meningiomas, and chordomas is summarized. Intracystic irradiation for craniopharyngiomas is also reviewed.
12 - Nanomagnetic logic: from magnetic ordering to magnetic computing
- from Section IV - Spin-based devices
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- By György Csaba, University of Notre Dame, Gary H. Bernstein, University of Notre Dame, Alexei Orlov, University of Notre Dame, Michael T. Niemier, University of Notre Dame, X. Sharon Hu, University of Notre Dame, Wolfgang Porod, University of Notre Dame
- Edited by Tsu-Jae King Liu, University of California, Berkeley, Kelin Kuhn, Cornell University, New York
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- Book:
- CMOS and Beyond
- Published online:
- 05 February 2015
- Print publication:
- 05 February 2015, pp 301-334
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Summary
Magnetic computing defined
Magnetic computing – in the broadest sense – is about using magnetic signals (nanomagnets, domain walls) to represent and process information. Nowadays, when “information processing” and “electronics” is synonymous, this concept sounds rather exotic. However, before the triumphant era of CMOS logic devices, non-charge based computers were serious candidates for information processing – for example, ingenious magnetic computing circuits were invented by R. J. Spain [1–3]. It was Cowburn [4] who first realized that the properties of nanoscale, single-domain magnets – which are very different from large, multi-domain magnets – are well suited for digital computing.
This chapter deals with one approach to magnetic computing, nanomagnet logic (or NML) [5, 6]. In NML devices, binary information is represented by the state (magnetization direction) of single domain nanomagnets and the magnetically represented information is propagated and processed by magnetic dipole–dipole interactions. From the circuit architecture point of view, NML builds on the concept of “quantum-dot cellular automata” [7] – they both share the idea of representing binary signals by bistable nanosystems and processing them through field-interactions. For this reason, nanomagnet logic was formerly called “magnetic quantum-dot cellular automata” (QCA), or field-coupled computing.
The Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (Clinician and Self-Report Versions) in Patients With Bipolar Disorder
- Ira H. Bernstein, A. John Rush, Trisha Suppes, Yakasushi Kyotoku, Diane Warden
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 15 / Issue 6 / June 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 367-373
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Introduction: The clinical and self-report versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-C16 and QIDS-SR16) have been well studied in patients with major depressive disorder and in one recent study using patients with bipolar disorder. This article examines these measures in a second sample of 141 outpatients with bipolar disorder in different phases of the illness.
Methods: At baseline, 61 patients were depressed and 30 were euthymic; at exit, 50 were depressed and 52 were euthymic. The remaining patients (at baseline or exit) were in either a manic or mixed phase and were pooled for statistical reasons.
Results: Similar results were found for the QIDS-C16 and QIDS-SR16. Scores were reasonably reliable to the extent that variability within groups permitted. As expected, euthymic patients showed less depressive symptomatology than depressed patients. Sad mood and general interest were tne most discriminating symptoms between depressed and euthymic phases. Changes in illness phase (baseline to exit) were associated with substantial changes in scores. The relation of individual depressive symptoms to the overall level of depression was consistent across phases.
Conclusion: Both the QIDS-SR16 and QIDS-C16 are suitable measures of depressive symptoms in patients with bipolar disorder.
A Comparison of the QIDS-C16, QIDS-SR16, and the MADRS in an Adult Outpatient Clinical Sample
- Ira H. Bernstein, A. John Rush, Diane Stegman, Laurie Macleod, Bradley Witte, Madhukar H. Trivedi
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- Journal:
- CNS Spectrums / Volume 15 / Issue 7 / July 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 07 November 2014, pp. 458-468
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Background: This study compared the 16-item Clinician and Self-Report versions of the Quick Inventory of Depressive Symptomatology (QIDS-C16 and QIDS-SR16) and the 10-item Montgomery-Asberg Depression Rating Scale (MADRS) in adult outpatients. The comparison was based on psychometric features and their performance in identifying those in a major depressive episode as defined by the Mini-International Neuropsychiatric Interview for Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, Fourth Edition.
Methods: Of 278 consecutive outpatients, 181 were depressed. Classical test theory, factor analysis, and item response theory were used to evaluate the psychometric features and receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analyses.
Results: All three measures were unidimensional. All had acceptable reliability (coefficient α=.87 for MADRS10, .82 for QIDS-C16, and .80 for QIDS-SR16). Test information function was higher for the MADRS (ie, it was most sensitive to individual differences in levels of depression). The MADRS and QIDS-C16 slightly but consistently outperformed the QIDS-SR16 in differentiating between depressed versus non-depressed patients.
Conclusion: All three measures have satisfactory psychometric properties and are valid screening tools for a major depressive episode.
The Barnes Case: Taking Difficult Futility Cases Public: Currents in Contemporary Bioethics Column
- Ruth A. Mickelsen, Daniel S. Bernstein, Mary Faith Marshall, Steven H. Miles
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- Journal:
- Journal of Law, Medicine & Ethics / Volume 41 / Issue 1 / Spring 2013
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 01 January 2021, pp. 374-378
- Print publication:
- Spring 2013
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The recent Minnesota case of In re Emergency Guardianship of Albert Barnes illustrates an emerging class of cases where a dispute between a family proxy and a hospital over “medical futility” requires legal resolution. The case was further complicated by the patient’s spouse who fraudulently claimed to be the patient’s designated health care proxy and who misrepresented the patient’s previously expressed treatment preferences. Barnes demonstrates the degree of significant administrative and institutional support to the health care team, ethics consultants, and futility committees that is required when a futility dispute escalates to the need for judicial resolution. An institutional futility policy, especially one that is endorsed by other regional medical centers and organizations, is an important foundation for a hospital that seeks judicial support in a dispute over medical futility in end of life care.
Unilateral transverse cordotomy for bilateral abductor vocal fold immobility
- J M Bernstein, S M Jones, P H Jones
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- Journal:
- The Journal of Laryngology & Otology / Volume 126 / Issue 9 / September 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 18 July 2012, pp. 913-917
- Print publication:
- September 2012
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Objective:
We present a case series with airway compromise due to bilateral abductor vocal fold paralysis or fixation, treated with unilateral transverse cordotomy.
Methods:Of eight consecutive patients with dyspnoea due to bilateral paramedian vocal fold immobility, seven underwent unilateral transverse cordotomy between August 2006 and April 2010 at University Hospital of South Manchester, UK. Airway and voice outcomes were compared before and after surgery.
Results:All seven treated cases derived subjective airway function improvement; there was no aspiration. The eighth case had inadequate access. None of the seven treated patients required contralateral cordotomy or permanent tracheostomy. One treated case required a temporary tracheostomy; unilateral transverse cordotomy facilitated eventual decannulation. Two patients died of cancer at five and six weeks, variously. At a mean follow up of 22 months, four cases showed unchanged or slightly worse Voice Symptom Scale and Grade-Roughness-Breathiness-Asthenia-Strain scale scores.
Conclusion:In patients with bilateral abductor vocal fold immobility, unilateral transverse cordotomy results in improved dyspnoea with either no voice change or only slight worsening. This is a more conservative procedure than bilateral transverse cordotomy, with the potential for better preservation of voice and breath support.
Self-injected petawatt laser-driven plasma electron acceleration in 1017 cm−3 plasma
- X. WANG, R. ZGADZAJ, S. A. YI, V. KHUDIK, W. HENDERSON, N. FAZEL, Y.-Y. CHANG, R. KORZEKWA, H.-E. TSAI, C.-H. PAI, Z. LI, E. GAUL, M. MARTINEZ, G. DYER, H. QUEVEDO, A. BERNSTEIN, M. DONOVAN, G. SHVETS, T. DITMIRE, M. C. DOWNER
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- Journal:
- Journal of Plasma Physics / Volume 78 / Issue 4 / August 2012
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 April 2012, pp. 413-419
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We report production of a self-injected, collimated (8 mrad divergence), 600 pC bunch of electrons with energies up to 350 MeV from a petawatt laser-driven plasma accelerator in a plasma of electron density ne = 1017 cm−3, an order of magnitude lower than previous self-injected laser-plasma accelerators. The energy of the focused drive laser pulse (150 J, 150 fs) was distributed over several hot spots. Simulations show that these hot spots remained independent over a 5 cm interaction length, and produced weakly nonlinear plasma wakes without bubble formation capable of accelerating pre-heated (~1 MeV) plasma electrons up to the observed energies. The required pre-heating is attributed tentatively to pre-pulse interactions with the plasma.
Contributors
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- By Eric Adler, Anoushka Afonso, Dean B. Andropoulos, Adel Bassily-Marcus, Yaakov Beilin, Elliott Bennett-Guerrero, Howard H. Bernstein, Marc J. Bloom, David Bronheim, Albert T. Cheung, Samuel DeMaria, Deborah Dubensky, James B. Eisenkraft, Jonathan Elmer, Liza J. Enriquez, Jonathan Epstein, Jeffrey M. Feldman, Gregory W. Fischer, Brigid Flynn, Jennifer A. Frontera, Richard S. Gist, Glenn P. Gravlee, Christina L. Jeng, Ronald A. Kahn, Jenny Kam, Mukul Kapoor, Jung Kim, Roopa Kohli-Seth, Aaron F. Kopman, Tuula S. O. Kurki, Andrew B. Leibowitz, Matthew Levin, Adam I. Levine, Michael S. Lewis, Justin Lipper, Martin London, Michael L. McGarvey, Alexander J. C. Mittnacht, Timothy Mooney, Diana Mungall, Yasuharu Okuda, Peter J. Papadakos, Jayashree Raikhelkar, Lakshmi V. Ramanathan, David L. Reich, Meg A. Rosenblatt, Corey Scurlock, Tamas Seres, Linda Shore-Lesserson, Marc E. Stone, Daniel M. Thys, Judit Tolnai, David Wax, Nathaen Weitzel
- David L. Reich, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
- Edited by Ronald A. Kahn, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Alexander J. C. Mittnacht, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Andrew B. Leibowitz, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Marc E. Stone, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, James B. Eisenkraft, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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- Book:
- Monitoring in Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
- Published online:
- 05 July 2011
- Print publication:
- 08 August 2011, pp vii-ix
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Chapter 29 - Fetal heart rate monitoring
- David L. Reich, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
- Edited by Ronald A. Kahn, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Alexander J. C. Mittnacht, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Andrew B. Leibowitz, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, Marc E. Stone, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, James B. Eisenkraft, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York
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- Book:
- Monitoring in Anesthesia and Perioperative Care
- Published online:
- 05 July 2011
- Print publication:
- 08 August 2011, pp 337-347
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Contributors
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- By Giustino Albanese, Andrew Amaranto, Brandon H. Backlund, Alexander Baxter, Abraham Berger, Mark Bernstein, Marian E. Betz, Omar Bholat, Suzanne Bigelow, Carl Bonnett, Elizabeth Borock, Christopher B. Colwell, Alasdair Conn, Moira Davenport, David Dreitlein, Aaron Eberhardt, Ugo A. Ezenkwele, Diana Felton, Spiros G. Frangos, John E. Frank, Jonathan S. Gates, Lewis Goldfrank, Pinchas Halpern, Jean Hammel, Kristin E. Harkin, Jason S. Haukoos, E. Parker Hays, Aaron Hexdall, James F. Holmes, Debra Houry, Jennifer Isenhour, Andy Jagoda, John L. Kendall, Erica Kreisman, Nancy Kwon, Eric Legome, Matthew R. Levine, Phillip D. Levy, Charles Little, Marion Machado, Heather Mahoney, Vincent J. Markovchick, Nancy Martin, John Marx, Julie Mayglothling, Ron Medzon, Maurizio A. Miglietta, Elizabeth L. Mitchell, Ernest Moore, Maria E. Moreira, Sassan Naderi, Salvatore Pardo, Sajan Patel, David Peak, Christine Preblick, Niels K. Rathlev, Charles Ray, Phillip L. Rice, Carlo L. Rosen, Peter Rosen, Livia Santiago-Rosado, Tamara A. Scerpella, David Schwartz, Fred Severyn, Kaushal Shah, Lee W. Shockley, Mari Siegel, Matthew Simons, Michael Stern, D. Matthew Sullivan, Carrie D. Tibbles, Knox H. Todd, Shawn Ulrich, Neil Waldman, Kurt Whitaker, Stephen J. Wolf, Daniel Zlogar
- Edited by Eric Legome, Lee W. Shockley
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- Book:
- Trauma
- Published online:
- 07 September 2011
- Print publication:
- 16 June 2011, pp ix-xiv
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Contributors
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- By Rose Teteki Abbey, K. C. Abraham, David Tuesday Adamo, LeRoy H. Aden, Efrain Agosto, Victor Aguilan, Gillian T. W. Ahlgren, Charanjit Kaur AjitSingh, Dorothy B E A Akoto, Giuseppe Alberigo, Daniel E. Albrecht, Ruth Albrecht, Daniel O. Aleshire, Urs Altermatt, Anand Amaladass, Michael Amaladoss, James N. Amanze, Lesley G. Anderson, Thomas C. Anderson, Victor Anderson, Hope S. Antone, María Pilar Aquino, Paula Arai, Victorio Araya Guillén, S. Wesley Ariarajah, Ellen T. Armour, Brett Gregory Armstrong, Atsuhiro Asano, Naim Stifan Ateek, Mahmoud Ayoub, John Alembillah Azumah, Mercedes L. García Bachmann, Irena Backus, J. Wayne Baker, Mieke Bal, Lewis V. Baldwin, William Barbieri, António Barbosa da Silva, David Basinger, Bolaji Olukemi Bateye, Oswald Bayer, Daniel H. Bays, Rosalie Beck, Nancy Elizabeth Bedford, Guy-Thomas Bedouelle, Chorbishop Seely Beggiani, Wolfgang Behringer, Christopher M. Bellitto, Byard Bennett, Harold V. Bennett, Teresa Berger, Miguel A. Bernad, Henley Bernard, Alan E. Bernstein, Jon L. Berquist, Johannes Beutler, Ana María Bidegain, Matthew P. Binkewicz, Jennifer Bird, Joseph Blenkinsopp, Dmytro Bondarenko, Paulo Bonfatti, Riet en Pim Bons-Storm, Jessica A. Boon, Marcus J. Borg, Mark Bosco, Peter C. Bouteneff, François Bovon, William D. Bowman, Paul S. Boyer, David Brakke, Richard E. Brantley, Marcus Braybrooke, Ian Breward, Ênio José da Costa Brito, Jewel Spears Brooker, Johannes Brosseder, Nicholas Canfield Read Brown, Robert F. Brown, Pamela K. Brubaker, Walter Brueggemann, Bishop Colin O. Buchanan, Stanley M. Burgess, Amy Nelson Burnett, J. Patout Burns, David B. Burrell, David Buttrick, James P. Byrd, Lavinia Byrne, Gerado Caetano, Marcos Caldas, Alkiviadis Calivas, William J. Callahan, Salvatore Calomino, Euan K. Cameron, William S. Campbell, Marcelo Ayres Camurça, Daniel F. Caner, Paul E. Capetz, Carlos F. Cardoza-Orlandi, Patrick W. Carey, Barbara Carvill, Hal Cauthron, Subhadra Mitra Channa, Mark D. Chapman, James H. Charlesworth, Kenneth R. Chase, Chen Zemin, Luciano Chianeque, Philip Chia Phin Yin, Francisca H. Chimhanda, Daniel Chiquete, John T. Chirban, Soobin Choi, Robert Choquette, Mita Choudhury, Gerald Christianson, John Chryssavgis, Sejong Chun, Esther Chung-Kim, Charles M. A. Clark, Elizabeth A. Clark, Sathianathan Clarke, Fred Cloud, John B. Cobb, W. Owen Cole, John A Coleman, John J. Collins, Sylvia Collins-Mayo, Paul K. Conkin, Beth A. Conklin, Sean Connolly, Demetrios J. Constantelos, Michael A. Conway, Paula M. Cooey, Austin Cooper, Michael L. Cooper-White, Pamela Cooper-White, L. William Countryman, Sérgio Coutinho, Pamela Couture, Shannon Craigo-Snell, James L. Crenshaw, David Crowner, Humberto Horacio Cucchetti, Lawrence S. Cunningham, Elizabeth Mason Currier, Emmanuel Cutrone, Mary L. Daniel, David D. Daniels, Robert Darden, Rolf Darge, Isaiah Dau, Jeffry C. Davis, Jane Dawson, Valentin Dedji, John W. de Gruchy, Paul DeHart, Wendy J. Deichmann Edwards, Miguel A. De La Torre, George E. Demacopoulos, Thomas de Mayo, Leah DeVun, Beatriz de Vasconcellos Dias, Dennis C. Dickerson, John M. Dillon, Luis Miguel Donatello, Igor Dorfmann-Lazarev, Susanna Drake, Jonathan A. Draper, N. Dreher Martin, Otto Dreydoppel, Angelyn Dries, A. J. Droge, Francis X. D'Sa, Marilyn Dunn, Nicole Wilkinson Duran, Rifaat Ebied, Mark J. Edwards, William H. Edwards, Leonard H. Ehrlich, Nancy L. Eiesland, Martin Elbel, J. Harold Ellens, Stephen Ellingson, Marvin M. Ellison, Robert Ellsberg, Jean Bethke Elshtain, Eldon Jay Epp, Peter C. Erb, Tassilo Erhardt, Maria Erling, Noel Leo Erskine, Gillian R. Evans, Virginia Fabella, Michael A. Fahey, Edward Farley, Margaret A. Farley, Wendy Farley, Robert Fastiggi, Seena Fazel, Duncan S. Ferguson, Helwar Figueroa, Paul Corby Finney, Kyriaki Karidoyanes FitzGerald, Thomas E. FitzGerald, John R. Fitzmier, Marie Therese Flanagan, Sabina Flanagan, Claude Flipo, Ronald B. Flowers, Carole Fontaine, David Ford, Mary Ford, Stephanie A. Ford, Jim Forest, William Franke, Robert M. Franklin, Ruth Franzén, Edward H. Friedman, Samuel Frouisou, Lorelei F. Fuchs, Jojo M. Fung, Inger Furseth, Richard R. Gaillardetz, Brandon Gallaher, China Galland, Mark Galli, Ismael García, Tharscisse Gatwa, Jean-Marie Gaudeul, Luis María Gavilanes del Castillo, Pavel L. Gavrilyuk, Volney P. Gay, Metropolitan Athanasios Geevargis, Kondothra M. George, Mary Gerhart, Simon Gikandi, Maurice Gilbert, Michael J. Gillgannon, Verónica Giménez Beliveau, Terryl Givens, Beth Glazier-McDonald, Philip Gleason, Menghun Goh, Brian Golding, Bishop Hilario M. Gomez, Michelle A. Gonzalez, Donald K. Gorrell, Roy Gottfried, Tamara Grdzelidze, Joel B. Green, Niels Henrik Gregersen, Cristina Grenholm, Herbert Griffiths, Eric W. Gritsch, Erich S. Gruen, Christoffer H. Grundmann, Paul H. Gundani, Jon P. Gunnemann, Petre Guran, Vidar L. Haanes, Jeremiah M. Hackett, Getatchew Haile, Douglas John Hall, Nicholas Hammond, Daphne Hampson, Jehu J. Hanciles, Barry Hankins, Jennifer Haraguchi, Stanley S. Harakas, Anthony John Harding, Conrad L. Harkins, J. William Harmless, Marjory Harper, Amir Harrak, Joel F. Harrington, Mark W. Harris, Susan Ashbrook Harvey, Van A. Harvey, R. Chris Hassel, Jione Havea, Daniel Hawk, Diana L. Hayes, Leslie Hayes, Priscilla Hayner, S. Mark Heim, Simo Heininen, Richard P. Heitzenrater, Eila Helander, David Hempton, Scott H. Hendrix, Jan-Olav Henriksen, Gina Hens-Piazza, Carter Heyward, Nicholas J. Higham, David Hilliard, Norman A. Hjelm, Peter C. Hodgson, Arthur Holder, M. Jan Holton, Dwight N. Hopkins, Ronnie Po-chia Hsia, Po-Ho Huang, James Hudnut-Beumler, Jennifer S. Hughes, Leonard M. Hummel, Mary E. Hunt, Laennec Hurbon, Mark Hutchinson, Susan E. Hylen, Mary Beth Ingham, H. Larry Ingle, Dale T. Irvin, Jon Isaak, Paul John Isaak, Ada María Isasi-Díaz, Hans Raun Iversen, Margaret C. Jacob, Arthur James, Maria Jansdotter-Samuelsson, David Jasper, Werner G. Jeanrond, Renée Jeffery, David Lyle Jeffrey, Theodore W. Jennings, David H. Jensen, Robin Margaret Jensen, David Jobling, Dale A. Johnson, Elizabeth A. Johnson, Maxwell E. Johnson, Sarah Johnson, Mark D. Johnston, F. Stanley Jones, James William Jones, John R. Jones, Alissa Jones Nelson, Inge Jonsson, Jan Joosten, Elizabeth Judd, Mulambya Peggy Kabonde, Robert Kaggwa, Sylvester Kahakwa, Isaac Kalimi, Ogbu U. Kalu, Eunice Kamaara, Wayne C. Kannaday, Musimbi Kanyoro, Veli-Matti Kärkkäinen, Frank Kaufmann, Léon Nguapitshi Kayongo, Richard Kearney, Alice A. Keefe, Ralph Keen, Catherine Keller, Anthony J. Kelly, Karen Kennelly, Kathi Lynn Kern, Fergus Kerr, Edward Kessler, George Kilcourse, Heup Young Kim, Kim Sung-Hae, Kim Yong-Bock, Kim Yung Suk, Richard King, Thomas M. King, Robert M. Kingdon, Ross Kinsler, Hans G. Kippenberg, Cheryl A. Kirk-Duggan, Clifton Kirkpatrick, Leonid Kishkovsky, Nadieszda Kizenko, Jeffrey Klaiber, Hans-Josef Klauck, Sidney Knight, Samuel Kobia, Robert Kolb, Karla Ann Koll, Heikki Kotila, Donald Kraybill, Philip D. W. Krey, Yves Krumenacker, Jeffrey Kah-Jin Kuan, Simanga R. Kumalo, Peter Kuzmic, Simon Shui-Man Kwan, Kwok Pui-lan, André LaCocque, Stephen E. Lahey, John Tsz Pang Lai, Emiel Lamberts, Armando Lampe, Craig Lampe, Beverly J. Lanzetta, Eve LaPlante, Lizette Larson-Miller, Ariel Bybee Laughton, Leonard Lawlor, Bentley Layton, Robin A. Leaver, Karen Lebacqz, Archie Chi Chung Lee, Marilyn J. Legge, Hervé LeGrand, D. L. LeMahieu, Raymond Lemieux, Bill J. Leonard, Ellen M. Leonard, Outi Leppä, Jean Lesaulnier, Nantawan Boonprasat Lewis, Henrietta Leyser, Alexei Lidov, Bernard Lightman, Paul Chang-Ha Lim, Carter Lindberg, Mark R. Lindsay, James R. Linville, James C. Livingston, Ann Loades, David Loades, Jean-Claude Loba-Mkole, Lo Lung Kwong, Wati Longchar, Eleazar López, David W. Lotz, Andrew Louth, Robin W. Lovin, William Luis, Frank D. Macchia, Diarmaid N. J. MacCulloch, Kirk R. MacGregor, Marjory A. MacLean, Donald MacLeod, Tomas S. Maddela, Inge Mager, Laurenti Magesa, David G. Maillu, Fortunato Mallimaci, Philip Mamalakis, Kä Mana, Ukachukwu Chris Manus, Herbert Robinson Marbury, Reuel Norman Marigza, Jacqueline Mariña, Antti Marjanen, Luiz C. L. Marques, Madipoane Masenya (ngwan'a Mphahlele), Caleb J. D. Maskell, Steve Mason, Thomas Massaro, Fernando Matamoros Ponce, András Máté-Tóth, Odair Pedroso Mateus, Dinis Matsolo, Fumitaka Matsuoka, John D'Arcy May, Yelena Mazour-Matusevich, Theodore Mbazumutima, John S. McClure, Christian McConnell, Lee Martin McDonald, Gary B. McGee, Thomas McGowan, Alister E. McGrath, Richard J. McGregor, John A. McGuckin, Maud Burnett McInerney, Elsie Anne McKee, Mary B. McKinley, James F. McMillan, Ernan McMullin, Kathleen E. McVey, M. Douglas Meeks, Monica Jyotsna Melanchthon, Ilie Melniciuc-Puica, Everett Mendoza, Raymond A. Mentzer, William W. Menzies, Ina Merdjanova, Franziska Metzger, Constant J. Mews, Marvin Meyer, Carol Meyers, Vasile Mihoc, Gunner Bjerg Mikkelsen, Maria Inêz de Castro Millen, Clyde Lee Miller, Bonnie J. Miller-McLemore, Alexander Mirkovic, Paul Misner, Nozomu Miyahira, R. W. L. Moberly, Gerald Moede, Aloo Osotsi Mojola, Sunanda Mongia, Rebeca Montemayor, James Moore, Roger E. Moore, Craig E. Morrison O.Carm, Jeffry H. Morrison, Keith Morrison, Wilson J. Moses, Tefetso Henry Mothibe, Mokgethi Motlhabi, Fulata Moyo, Henry Mugabe, Jesse Ndwiga Kanyua Mugambi, Peggy Mulambya-Kabonde, Robert Bruce Mullin, Pamela Mullins Reaves, Saskia Murk Jansen, Heleen L. Murre-Van den Berg, Augustine Musopole, Isaac M. T. Mwase, Philomena Mwaura, Cecilia Nahnfeldt, Anne Nasimiyu Wasike, Carmiña Navia Velasco, Thulani Ndlazi, Alexander Negrov, James B. Nelson, David G. Newcombe, Carol Newsom, Helen J. Nicholson, George W. E. Nickelsburg, Tatyana Nikolskaya, Damayanthi M. A. Niles, Bertil Nilsson, Nyambura Njoroge, Fidelis Nkomazana, Mary Beth Norton, Christian Nottmeier, Sonene Nyawo, Anthère Nzabatsinda, Edward T. Oakes, Gerald O'Collins, Daniel O'Connell, David W. Odell-Scott, Mercy Amba Oduyoye, Kathleen O'Grady, Oyeronke Olajubu, Thomas O'Loughlin, Dennis T. Olson, J. Steven O'Malley, Cephas N. Omenyo, Muriel Orevillo-Montenegro, César Augusto Ornellas Ramos, Agbonkhianmeghe E. Orobator, Kenan B. Osborne, Carolyn Osiek, Javier Otaola Montagne, Douglas F. Ottati, Anna May Say Pa, Irina Paert, Jerry G. Pankhurst, Aristotle Papanikolaou, Samuele F. Pardini, Stefano Parenti, Peter Paris, Sung Bae Park, Cristián G. Parker, Raquel Pastor, Joseph Pathrapankal, Daniel Patte, W. Brown Patterson, Clive Pearson, Keith F. Pecklers, Nancy Cardoso Pereira, David Horace Perkins, Pheme Perkins, Edward N. Peters, Rebecca Todd Peters, Bishop Yeznik Petrossian, Raymond Pfister, Peter C. Phan, Isabel Apawo Phiri, William S. F. Pickering, Derrick G. Pitard, William Elvis Plata, Zlatko Plese, John Plummer, James Newton Poling, Ronald Popivchak, Andrew Porter, Ute Possekel, James M. Powell, Enos Das Pradhan, Devadasan Premnath, Jaime Adrían Prieto Valladares, Anne Primavesi, Randall Prior, María Alicia Puente Lutteroth, Eduardo Guzmão Quadros, Albert Rabil, Laurent William Ramambason, Apolonio M. Ranche, Vololona Randriamanantena Andriamitandrina, Lawrence R. Rast, Paul L. Redditt, Adele Reinhartz, Rolf Rendtorff, Pål Repstad, James N. Rhodes, John K. Riches, Joerg Rieger, Sharon H. Ringe, Sandra Rios, Tyler Roberts, David M. Robinson, James M. Robinson, Joanne Maguire Robinson, Richard A. H. Robinson, Roy R. Robson, Jack B. Rogers, Maria Roginska, Sidney Rooy, Rev. Garnett Roper, Maria José Fontelas Rosado-Nunes, Andrew C. Ross, Stefan Rossbach, François Rossier, John D. Roth, John K. Roth, Phillip Rothwell, Richard E. Rubenstein, Rosemary Radford Ruether, Markku Ruotsila, John E. Rybolt, Risto Saarinen, John Saillant, Juan Sanchez, Wagner Lopes Sanchez, Hugo N. Santos, Gerhard Sauter, Gloria L. Schaab, Sandra M. Schneiders, Quentin J. Schultze, Fernando F. Segovia, Turid Karlsen Seim, Carsten Selch Jensen, Alan P. F. Sell, Frank C. Senn, Kent Davis Sensenig, Damían Setton, Bal Krishna Sharma, Carolyn J. Sharp, Thomas Sheehan, N. Gerald Shenk, Christian Sheppard, Charles Sherlock, Tabona Shoko, Walter B. Shurden, Marguerite Shuster, B. Mark Sietsema, Batara Sihombing, Neil Silberman, Clodomiro Siller, Samuel Silva-Gotay, Heikki Silvet, John K. Simmons, Hagith Sivan, James C. Skedros, Abraham Smith, Ashley A. Smith, Ted A. Smith, Daud Soesilo, Pia Søltoft, Choan-Seng (C. S.) Song, Kathryn Spink, Bryan Spinks, Eric O. Springsted, Nicolas Standaert, Brian Stanley, Glen H. Stassen, Karel Steenbrink, Stephen J. Stein, Andrea Sterk, Gregory E. Sterling, Columba Stewart, Jacques Stewart, Robert B. Stewart, Cynthia Stokes Brown, Ken Stone, Anne Stott, Elizabeth Stuart, Monya Stubbs, Marjorie Hewitt Suchocki, David Kwang-sun Suh, Scott W. Sunquist, Keith Suter, Douglas Sweeney, Charles H. Talbert, Shawqi N. Talia, Elsa Tamez, Joseph B. Tamney, Jonathan Y. Tan, Yak-Hwee Tan, Kathryn Tanner, Feiya Tao, Elizabeth S. Tapia, Aquiline Tarimo, Claire Taylor, Mark Lewis Taylor, Bishop Abba Samuel Wolde Tekestebirhan, Eugene TeSelle, M. Thomas Thangaraj, David R. Thomas, Andrew Thornley, Scott Thumma, Marcelo Timotheo da Costa, George E. “Tink” Tinker, Ola Tjørhom, Karen Jo Torjesen, Iain R. Torrance, Fernando Torres-Londoño, Archbishop Demetrios [Trakatellis], Marit Trelstad, Christine Trevett, Phyllis Trible, Johannes Tromp, Paul Turner, Robert G. Tuttle, Archbishop Desmond Tutu, Peter Tyler, Anders Tyrberg, Justin Ukpong, Javier Ulloa, Camillus Umoh, Kristi Upson-Saia, Martina Urban, Monica Uribe, Elochukwu Eugene Uzukwu, Richard Vaggione, Gabriel Vahanian, Paul Valliere, T. J. Van Bavel, Steven Vanderputten, Peter Van der Veer, Huub Van de Sandt, Louis Van Tongeren, Luke A. Veronis, Noel Villalba, Ramón Vinke, Tim Vivian, David Voas, Elena Volkova, Katharina von Kellenbach, Elina Vuola, Timothy Wadkins, Elaine M. Wainwright, Randi Jones Walker, Dewey D. Wallace, Jerry Walls, Michael J. Walsh, Philip Walters, Janet Walton, Jonathan L. Walton, Wang Xiaochao, Patricia A. Ward, David Harrington Watt, Herold D. Weiss, Laurence L. Welborn, Sharon D. Welch, Timothy Wengert, Traci C. West, Merold Westphal, David Wetherell, Barbara Wheeler, Carolinne White, Jean-Paul Wiest, Frans Wijsen, Terry L. Wilder, Felix Wilfred, Rebecca Wilkin, Daniel H. Williams, D. Newell Williams, Michael A. Williams, Vincent L. Wimbush, Gabriele Winkler, Anders Winroth, Lauri Emílio Wirth, James A. Wiseman, Ebba Witt-Brattström, Teofil Wojciechowski, John Wolffe, Kenman L. Wong, Wong Wai Ching, Linda Woodhead, Wendy M. Wright, Rose Wu, Keith E. Yandell, Gale A. Yee, Viktor Yelensky, Yeo Khiok-Khng, Gustav K. K. Yeung, Angela Yiu, Amos Yong, Yong Ting Jin, You Bin, Youhanna Nessim Youssef, Eliana Yunes, Robert Michael Zaller, Valarie H. Ziegler, Barbara Brown Zikmund, Joyce Ann Zimmerman, Aurora Zlotnik, Zhuo Xinping
- Edited by Daniel Patte, Vanderbilt University, Tennessee
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- Book:
- The Cambridge Dictionary of Christianity
- Published online:
- 05 August 2012
- Print publication:
- 20 September 2010, pp xi-xliv
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Evidence for structural abnormalities of the human habenular complex in affective disorders but not in schizophrenia
- K. Ranft, H. Dobrowolny, D. Krell, H. Bielau, B. Bogerts, H.-G. Bernstein
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- Journal:
- Psychological Medicine / Volume 40 / Issue 4 / April 2010
- Published online by Cambridge University Press:
- 12 August 2009, pp. 557-567
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Background
The habenular complex is composed of important relay nuclei linking the limbic forebrain to the midbrain and brain stem nuclei. Based on clinical observations, experiments with animals and theoretical considerations, it has been speculated that this brain area might be involved in psychiatric diseases (i.e. schizophrenia and depression). However, evidence in favour of this hypothesis is still lacking because the human habenular complex has rarely been studied with regard to mental illness.
MethodWe examined habenular volumes in post-mortem brains of 17 schizophrenia patients, 14 patients with depression (six patients with major depression and eight patients with bipolar depression) and 13 matched controls. We further determined the neuronal density, cell number and cell area of the medial habenular nuclei of the same cohorts using a counting box and a computer-assisted instrument.
ResultsSignificantly reduced habenular volumes of the medial and lateral habenula were estimated in depressive patients in comparison to normal controls and schizophrenia patients. We also found a reduction in neuronal cell number and cell area in depressive patients for the right side compared to controls and schizophrenia patients. No such changes were seen in schizophrenia.
ConclusionsOur anatomical data argue against prominent structural alterations of the habenular nuclei in schizophrenia but demonstrate robust alterations in depressive patients. We are currently applying immunohistochemical markers to better characterize neuronal subpopulations of this brain region in schizophrenia and depression.